BibTex:

    @Article{OJIOT_2017v3i1n01_Vossen,
        title     = {A Classification Framework for Beacon Applications},
        author    = {Gottfried Vossen and
                     Stuart Dillon and
                     Fabian Schomm and
                     Florian Stahl},
        journal   = {Open Journal of Internet Of Things (OJIOT)},
        issn      = {2364-7108},
        year      = {2017},
        volume    = {3},
        number    = {1},
        pages     = {1--11},
        url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:101:1-201704245012},
        urn       = {urn:nbn:de:101:1-201704245012},
        publisher = {RonPub},
        bibsource = {RonPub},
        abstract = {Beacons have received considerable attention in recent years, which is partially due to the fact that they serve as a flexible and versatile replacement for RFIDs in many applications. However, beacons are mostly considered from a purely technical perspective. This paper provides a conceptual view on application scenarios for beacons and introduces a novel framework for characterizing these. The framework consists of four dimensions: device movement, action trigger, purpose type, and connectivity requirements. Based on these, three archetypical scenarios are described. Finally, event-condition-action rules and online algorithms are used to formalize the backend of a beacon architecture.}
    }

BibTex:

    @Article{OJIOT_2017v3i1n09_Sparber,
        title     = {Mitigating Radio Interference in Large IoT Networks through Dynamic CCA Adjustment},
        author    = {Tommy Sparber and
                     Carlo Alberto Boano and
                     Salil S. Kanhere and
                     Kay R\~{A}�mer},
        journal   = {Open Journal of Internet Of Things (OJIOT)},
        issn      = {2364-7108},
        year      = {2017},
        volume    = {3},
        number    = {1},
        pages     = {103--113},
        note      = {Special Issue: Proceedings of the International Workshop on Very Large Internet of Things (VLIoT 2017) in conjunction with the VLDB 2017 Conference in Munich, Germany.},
        url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:101:1-2017080613511},
        urn       = {urn:nbn:de:101:1-2017080613511},
        publisher = {RonPub},
        bibsource = {RonPub},
        abstract = {The performance of low-power wireless sensor networks used to build Internet of Things applications often suffers from radio interference generated by co-located wireless devices or from jammers maliciously placed in their proximity. As IoT devices typically operate in unsupervised large-scale installations, and as radio interference is typically localized and hence affects only a portion of the nodes in the network, it is important to give low-power wireless sensors and actuators the ability to autonomously mitigate the impact of surrounding interference. In this paper we present our approach DynCCA, which dynamically adapts the clear channel assessment threshold of IoT devices to minimize the impact of malicious or unintentional interference on both network reliability and energy efficiency. First, we describe how varying the clear channel assessment threshold at run-time using only information computed locally can help to minimize the impact of unintentional interference from surrounding devices and to escape jamming attacks. We then present the design and implementation of DynCCA on top of ContikiMAC and evaluate its performance on wireless sensor nodes equipped with IEEE 802.15.4 radios. Our experimental investigation shows that the use of DynCCA in dense IoT networks can increase the packet reception rate by up to 50\% and reduce the energy consumption by a factor of 4.}
    }

BibTex:

    @Article{OJIOT_2017v3i1n08_Margi,
        title     = {Sensing as a Service: Secure Wireless Sensor Network Infrastructure Sharing for the Internet of Things},
        author    = {Cintia B. Margi and
                     Renan C. A. Alves and
                     Johanna Sepulveda},
        journal   = {Open Journal of Internet Of Things (OJIOT)},
        issn      = {2364-7108},
        year      = {2017},
        volume    = {3},
        number    = {1},
        pages     = {91--102},
        note      = {Special Issue: Proceedings of the International Workshop on Very Large Internet of Things (VLIoT 2017) in conjunction with the VLDB 2017 Conference in Munich, Germany.},
        url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:101:1-2017080613467},
        urn       = {urn:nbn:de:101:1-2017080613467},
        publisher = {RonPub},
        bibsource = {RonPub},
        abstract = {Internet of Things (IoT) andWireless Sensor Networks (WSN) are composed of devices capable of sensing/actuation, communication and processing. They are valuable technology for the development of applications in several areas, such as environmental, industrial and urban monitoring and processes controlling. Given the challenges of different protocols and technologies used for communication, resource constrained devices nature, high connectivity and security requirements for the applications, the main challenges that need to be addressed include: secure communication between IoT devices, network resource management and the protected implementation of the security mechanisms. In this paper, we present a secure Software-Defined Networking (SDN) based framework that includes: communication protocols, node task programming middleware, communication and computation resource management features and security services. The communication layer for the constrained devices considers IT-SDN as its basis. Concerning security, we address the main services, the type of algorithms to achieve them, and why their secure implementation is needed. Lastly, we showcase how the Sensing as a Service paradigm could enable WSN usage in more environments.}
    }

BibTex:

    @Article{OJIOT_2017v3i1n07_Ali,
        title     = {Multi-Layer Cross Domain Reasoning over Distributed Autonomous IoT Applications},
        author    = {Muhammad Intizar Ali and
                     Pankesh Patel and
                     Soumya Kanti Datta and
                     Amelie Gyrard},
        journal   = {Open Journal of Internet Of Things (OJIOT)},
        issn      = {2364-7108},
        year      = {2017},
        volume    = {3},
        number    = {1},
        pages     = {75--90},
        note      = {Special Issue: Proceedings of the International Workshop on Very Large Internet of Things (VLIoT 2017) in conjunction with the VLDB 2017 Conference in Munich, Germany.},
        url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:101:1-2017080613451},
        urn       = {urn:nbn:de:101:1-2017080613451},
        publisher = {RonPub},
        bibsource = {RonPub},
        abstract = {Due to the rapid advancements in the sensor technologies and IoT, we are witnessing a rapid growth in the use of sensors and relevant IoT applications. A very large number of sensors and IoT devices are in place in our surroundings which keep sensing dynamic contextual information. A true potential of the wide-spread of IoT devices can only be realized by designing and deploying a large number of smart IoT applications which can provide insights on the data collected from IoT devices and support decision making by converting raw sensor data into actionable knowledge. However, the process of getting value from sensor data streams and converting these raw sensor values into actionable knowledge requires extensive efforts from IoT application developers and domain experts. In this paper, our main aim is to propose a multi-layer cross domain reasoning framework, which can support application developers, end-users and domain experts to automatically understand relevant events and extract actionable knowledge with minimal efforts. Our framework reduces the efforts required for IoT applications development (i) by supporting automated application code generation and access mechanisms using IoTSuite, (ii) by leveraging from Machine-to-Machine Measurement (M3) framework to exploit semantic technologies and domain knowledge, and (iii) by using automated sensor discovery and complex event processing of relevant events (ACEIS Middleware) at the multiple data processing layers and different stages of the IoT application development life cycle. In the essence, our framework supports the end-users and IoT application developers to design innovative IoT applications by reducing the programming efforts, by identifying relevant events and by suggesting potential actions based on complex event processing and reasoning for cross-domain IoT applications.}
    }

BibTex:

    @Article{OJIOT_2017v3i1n04_Grunert,
        title     = {Rewriting Complex Queries from Cloud to Fog under Capability Constraints to Protect the Users' Privacy},
        author    = {Hannes Grunert and
                     Andreas Heuer},
        journal   = {Open Journal of Internet Of Things (OJIOT)},
        issn      = {2364-7108},
        year      = {2017},
        volume    = {3},
        number    = {1},
        pages     = {31--45},
        note      = {Special Issue: Proceedings of the International Workshop on Very Large Internet of Things (VLIoT 2017) in conjunction with the VLDB 2017 Conference in Munich, Germany.},
        url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:101:1-2017080613421},
        urn       = {urn:nbn:de:101:1-2017080613421},
        publisher = {RonPub},
        bibsource = {RonPub},
        abstract = {In this paper we show how existing query rewriting and query containment techniques can be used to achieve an efficient and privacy-aware processing of queries. To achieve this, the whole network structure, from data producing sensors up to cloud computers, is utilized to create a database machine consisting of billions of devices from the Internet of Things. Based on previous research in the field of database theory, especially query rewriting, we present a concept to split a query into fragment and remainder queries. Fragment queries can operate on resource limited devices to filter and preaggregate data. Remainder queries take these data and execute the last, complex part of the original queries on more powerful devices. As a result, less data is processed and forwarded in the network and the privacy principle of data minimization is accomplished.}
    }

BibTex:

    @Article{OJIOT_2017v3i1n05_Ruta,
        title     = {Semantic Blockchain to Improve Scalability in the Internet of Things},
        author    = {Michele Ruta and
                     Floriano Scioscia and
                     Saverio Ieva and
                     Giovanna Capurso and
                     Eugenio Di Sciascio},
        journal   = {Open Journal of Internet Of Things (OJIOT)},
        issn      = {2364-7108},
        year      = {2017},
        volume    = {3},
        number    = {1},
        pages     = {46--61},
        note      = {Special Issue: Proceedings of the International Workshop on Very Large Internet of Things (VLIoT 2017) in conjunction with the VLDB 2017 Conference in Munich, Germany.},
        url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:101:1-2017080613488},
        urn       = {urn:nbn:de:101:1-2017080613488},
        publisher = {RonPub},
        bibsource = {RonPub},
        abstract = {Generally scarce computational and memory resource availability is a well known problem for the IoT, whose intrinsic volatility makes complex applications unfeasible. Noteworthy efforts in overcoming unpredictability (particularly in case of large dimensions) are the ones integrating Knowledge Representation technologies to build the so-called Semantic Web of Things (SWoT). In spite of allowed advanced discovery features, transactions in the SWoT still suffer from not viable trust management strategies. Given its intrinsic characteristics, blockchain technology appears as interesting from this perspective: a semantic resource/service discovery layer built upon a basic blockchain infrastructure gains a consensus validation. This paper proposes a novel Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA) based on a semantic blockchain for registration, discovery, selection and payment. Such operations are implemented as smart contracts, allowing distributed execution and trust. Reported experiments early assess the sustainability of the proposal.}
    }

BibTex:

    @Article{OJIOT_2017v3i1n06_Hegedus,
        title     = {Differentially Private Linear Models for Gossip Learning through Data Perturbation},
        author    = {Istv\~{A}�n Hegedus and
                     M\~{A}�rk Jelasity},
        journal   = {Open Journal of Internet Of Things (OJIOT)},
        issn      = {2364-7108},
        year      = {2017},
        volume    = {3},
        number    = {1},
        pages     = {62--74},
        note      = {Special Issue: Proceedings of the International Workshop on Very Large Internet of Things (VLIoT 2017) in conjunction with the VLDB 2017 Conference in Munich, Germany.},
        url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:101:1-2017080613445},
        urn       = {urn:nbn:de:101:1-2017080613445},
        publisher = {RonPub},
        bibsource = {RonPub},
        abstract = {Privacy is a key concern in many distributed systems that are rich in personal data such as networks of smart meters or smartphones. Decentralizing the processing of personal data in such systems is a promising first step towards achieving privacy through avoiding the collection of data altogether. However, decentralization in itself is not enough: Additional guarantees such as differential privacy are highly desirable. Here, we focus on stochastic gradient descent (SGD), a popular approach to implement distributed learning. Our goal is to design differentially private variants of SGD to be applied in gossip learning, a decentralized learning framework. Known approaches that are suitable for our scenario focus on protecting the gradient that is being computed in each iteration of SGD. This has the drawback that each data point can be accessed only a small number of times. We propose a solution in which we effectively publish the entire database in a differentially private way so that linear learners could be run that are allowed to access any (perturbed) data point any number of times. This flexibility is very useful when using the method in combination with distributed learning environments. We show empirically that the performance of the obtained model is comparable to that of previous gradient-based approaches and it is even superior in certain scenarios.}
    }

BibTex:

    @Article{OJIOT_2017v3i1n03_Balasubramanian,
        title     = {Latency Optimization in Large-Scale Cloud-Sensor Systems},
        author    = {Adhithya Balasubramanian and
                     Sumi Helal and
                     Yi Xu},
        journal   = {Open Journal of Internet Of Things (OJIOT)},
        issn      = {2364-7108},
        year      = {2017},
        volume    = {3},
        number    = {1},
        pages     = {18--30},
        note      = {Special Issue: Proceedings of the International Workshop on Very Large Internet of Things (VLIoT 2017) in conjunction with the VLDB 2017 Conference in Munich, Germany.},
        url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:101:1-2017080613410},
        urn       = {urn:nbn:de:101:1-2017080613410},
        publisher = {RonPub},
        bibsource = {RonPub},
        abstract = {With the advent of the Internet of Things and smart city applications, massive cyber-physical interactions between the applications hosted in the cloud and a huge number of external physical sensors and devices is an inevitable situation. This raises two main challenges: cloud cost affordability as the smart city grows (referred to as economical cloud scalability) and the energy-efficient operation of sensor hardware. We have developed Cloud-Edge-Beneath (CEB), a multi-tier architecture for large-scale IoT deployments, embodying distributed optimizations, which address these two major challenges. In this article, we summarize our prior work on CEB to set context for presenting a third major challenge for cloud sensor-systems, which is latency. Prolonged latency can potentially arise in servicing requests from cloud applications, especially given our primary focus on optimizing energy and cloud scalability. Latency, however, is an important factor to optimize for real-time and cyber-physical applications with limited tolerance to delays. Also, improving the responsiveness of any IoT application is bound to improve the user experience and hence the acceptability and adoption of smart city solutions by the city citizens. In this article, we aim to give a formal definition and formulation for the latency optimization problem under CEB. We propose a Prioritized Application Fragment Caching Algorithm (PAFCA) to selectively cache application fragments from the cloud to lower layers of CEB, as a key measure to optimize latency. The algorithm itself is an extension of one of the existing optimization algorithms of CEB (AFCA-1). As will be shown, PAFCA takes into account the expectations of cloud applications on real-timeliness of responses. Through experiments, we measure and validate the effect of PAFCA on latency and cloud scalability. We also introduce and discuss the trade-off between latency and sensor energy in this given context.}
    }

BibTex:

    @Article{OJIOT_2017v3i1n10_Zadorozhny,
        title     = {Data Credence in IoT: Vision and Challenges},
        author    = {Vladimir I. Zadorozhny and
                     Prashant Krishnamurthy and
                     Mai Abdelhakim and
                     Konstantinos Pelechrinis and
                     Jiawei Xu},
        journal   = {Open Journal of Internet Of Things (OJIOT)},
        issn      = {2364-7108},
        year      = {2017},
        volume    = {3},
        number    = {1},
        pages     = {114--126},
        note      = {Special Issue: Proceedings of the International Workshop on Very Large Internet of Things (VLIoT 2017) in conjunction with the VLDB 2017 Conference in Munich, Germany.},
        url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:101:1-2017080613498},
        urn       = {urn:nbn:de:101:1-2017080613498},
        publisher = {RonPub},
        bibsource = {RonPub},
        abstract = {As the Internet of Things permeates every aspect of human life, assessing the credence or integrity of the data generated by "things" becomes a central exercise for making decisions or in auditing events. In this paper, we present a vision of this exercise that includes the notion of data credence, assessing data credence in an efficient manner, and the use of technologies that are on the horizon for the very large scale Internet of Things.}
    }

BibTex:

    @Article{OJIOT_2017v3i1n11_Miladinovic,
        title     = {A Highly Scalable IoT Architecture through Network Function Virtualization},
        author    = {Igor Miladinovic and
                     Sigrid Schefer-Wenzl},
        journal   = {Open Journal of Internet Of Things (OJIOT)},
        issn      = {2364-7108},
        year      = {2017},
        volume    = {3},
        number    = {1},
        pages     = {127--135},
        note      = {Special Issue: Proceedings of the International Workshop on Very Large Internet of Things (VLIoT 2017) in conjunction with the VLDB 2017 Conference in Munich, Germany.},
        url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:101:1-2017080613543},
        urn       = {urn:nbn:de:101:1-2017080613543},
        publisher = {RonPub},
        bibsource = {RonPub},
        abstract = {As the number of devices for Internet of Things (IoT) is rapidly growing, existing communication infrastructures are forced to continually evolve. The next generation network infrastructure is expected to be virtualized and able to integrate different kinds of information technology resources. Network Functions Virtualization (NFV) is one of the leading concepts facilitating the operation of network services in a scalable manner. In this paper, we present an architecture involving NFV to meet the requirements of highly scalable IoT scenarios. We highlight the benefits and challenges of our approach for IoT stakeholders. Finally, the paper illustrates our vision of how the proposed architecture can be applied in the context of a state-of-the-art high-tech operating room, which we are going to realize in future work.}
    }

BibTex:

    @Article{OJIOT_2017v3i1n12_Kross,
        title     = {Towards a Model-driven Performance Prediction Approach for Internet of Things Architectures},
        author    = {Johannes Kro\~{A}� and
                     Sebastian Voss and
                     Helmut Krcmar},
        journal   = {Open Journal of Internet Of Things (OJIOT)},
        issn      = {2364-7108},
        year      = {2017},
        volume    = {3},
        number    = {1},
        pages     = {136--141},
        note      = {Special Issue: Proceedings of the International Workshop on Very Large Internet of Things (VLIoT 2017) in conjunction with the VLDB 2017 Conference in Munich, Germany.},
        url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:101:1-2017080613524},
        urn       = {urn:nbn:de:101:1-2017080613524},
        publisher = {RonPub},
        bibsource = {RonPub},
        abstract = {Indisputable, security and interoperability play major concerns in Internet of Things (IoT) architectures and applications. In this paper, however, we emphasize the role and importance of performance and scalability as additional, crucial aspects in planning and building sustainable IoT solutions. IoT architectures are complicated system-of-systems that include different developer roles, development processes, organizational units, and a multilateral governance. Its performance is often neglected during development but becomes a major concern at the end of development and results in supplemental efforts, costs, and refactoring. It should not be relied on linearly scaling for such systems only by using up-to-date technologies that may promote such behavior. Furthermore, different security or interoperability choices also have a considerable impact on performance and may result in unforeseen trade-offs. Therefore, we propose and pursue the vision of a model-driven approach to predict and evaluate the performance of IoT architectures early in the system lifecylce in order to guarantee efficient and scalable systems reaching from sensors to business applications.}
    }

BibTex:

    @Article{OJIOT_2018v4i1n03_Valim,
        title     = {Middleware Support for Generic Actuation in the Internet of Mobile Things},
        author    = {Sheriton Valim and
                     Matheus Zeitune and
                     Bruno Olivieri and
                     Markus Endler},
        journal   = {Open Journal of Internet Of Things (OJIOT)},
        issn      = {2364-7108},
        year      = {2018},
        volume    = {4},
        number    = {1},
        pages     = {24--34},
        note      = {Special Issue: Proceedings of the International Workshop on Very Large Internet of Things (VLIoT 2018) in conjunction with the VLDB 2018 Conference in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.},
        url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:101:1-2018080519322337232186},
        urn       = {urn:nbn:de:101:1-2018080519322337232186},
        publisher = {RonPub},
        bibsource = {RonPub},
        abstract = {As the Internet of Things is expanding towards applications in almost any sector of our economy and daily life, so is the demand of employing and integrating devices with actuation capabilities, such as smart bulbs, HVAC,smart locks, industrial machines, robots or drones. Many middleware platforms have been developed in orderto support the development of distributed IoT applications and facilitate the sensors-to-cloud communication andedge processing capabilities, but surprisingly very little has been done to provide middleware-level, support andgeneric mechanisms for discovering the devices and their interfaces, and executing the actuation commands, i.e.transferring them to the device. In this paper, we present a generic support for actuation as an extension ofContextNet, our mobile-cloud middleware for IoMT. We describe the design of the distributed actuation supportand present a proof of working implementation that enables remote control of a Sphero mobile BB-8 toy.}
    }

BibTex:

    @Article{OJIOT_2018v4i1n02_Endler,
        title     = {Past, Present and Future of the ContextNet IoMT Middleware},
        author    = {Markus Endler and
                     Francisco Silva e Silva},
        journal   = {Open Journal of Internet Of Things (OJIOT)},
        issn      = {2364-7108},
        year      = {2018},
        volume    = {4},
        number    = {1},
        pages     = {7--23},
        note      = {Special Issue: Proceedings of the International Workshop on Very Large Internet of Things (VLIoT 2018) in conjunction with the VLDB 2018 Conference in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.},
        url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:101:1-2018080519323267622857},
        urn       = {urn:nbn:de:101:1-2018080519323267622857},
        publisher = {RonPub},
        bibsource = {RonPub},
        abstract = {The Internet of Things with support to mobility is already transforming many application domains, such as smart cities and homes, environmental monitoring, health care, manufacturing, logistics, public security etc. in that it allows to collect and analyze data from the environment, people and machines, and to implement some form of control or steering on these elements of the physical world. But in order to speed the development of applications for the Internet of Mobile Things (IoMT), some middleware is required. This paper summarizes seven years of research and development on the ContextNet middle ware aimed at IoMT, discusses what we achieved and what we have learned so far. We also share our vision of possible future challenges and developments in the Internet of Mobile Things.}
    }

BibTex:

    @Article{OJIOT_2018v4i1n04_Khaled,
        title     = {Service-Relationship Programming Framework for the Social IoT},
        author    = {Ahmed E. Khaled and
                     Wyatt Lindquist and
                     Abdelsalam (Sumi) Helal},
        journal   = {Open Journal of Internet Of Things (OJIOT)},
        issn      = {2364-7108},
        year      = {2018},
        volume    = {4},
        number    = {1},
        pages     = {35--53},
        note      = {Special Issue: Proceedings of the International Workshop on Very Large Internet of Things (VLIoT 2018) in conjunction with the VLDB 2018 Conference in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.},
        url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:101:1-2018080519302286990058},
        urn       = {urn:nbn:de:101:1-2018080519302286990058},
        publisher = {RonPub},
        bibsource = {RonPub},
        abstract = {We argue that for a true realization of innovative programming opportunities for smart spaces, the developers should be equipped with informative tools that assist them in building domain-related applications. Such tools should utilize the services offered by the space's smart things and consider the different relationships that may tie these services opportunistically to build applications. In this paper, we utilize our Inter-thing relationships programming framework to present a distributed programming ecosystem. The framework broadens the restricted set of thing-level relationships of the evolving social IoT paradigm with a set of service-level relationships. Such relationships provide guidance into how services belonging to different things can be combined to build meaningful applications. We also present a uniform way of describing the thing services and the service-level relationships along with new capabilities for the things to dynamically generate their own services, formulate the corresponding programmable interfaces (APIs) and create an ad-hoc network of socially related smart things at runtime. We then present the semantic rules that guide the establishment of IoT applications and finally demonstrate the features of the framework through a proof-of-concept application.}
    }

BibTex:

    @Article{OJIOT_2018v4i1n05_Grunert,
        title     = {Query Rewriting by Contract under Privacy Constraints},
        author    = {Hannes Grunert and
                     Andreas Heuer},
        journal   = {Open Journal of Internet Of Things (OJIOT)},
        issn      = {2364-7108},
        year      = {2018},
        volume    = {4},
        number    = {1},
        pages     = {54--69},
        note      = {Special Issue: Proceedings of the International Workshop on Very Large Internet of Things (VLIoT 2018) in conjunction with the VLDB 2018 Conference in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.},
        url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:101:1-2018080519303109386858},
        urn       = {urn:nbn:de:101:1-2018080519303109386858},
        publisher = {RonPub},
        bibsource = {RonPub},
        abstract = {In this paper we show how Query Rewriting rules and Containment checks of aggregate queries can be combined with Contract-based programming techniques. Based on the combination of both worlds, we are able to find new Query Rewriting rules for queries containing aggregate constraints. These rules can either be used to improve the overall system performance or, in our use case, to implement a privacy-aware way to process queries. By integrating them in our PArADISE framework, we can now process and rewrite all types of OLAP queries, including complex aggregate functions and group-by extensions. In our framework, we use the whole network structure, from data producing sensors up to cloud computers, to automatically deploy an edge computing subnetwork. On each edge node, so-called fragment queries of a genuine query are executed to filter and to aggregate data on resource restricted sensor nodes. As a result of integrating Contract-based programming approaches, we are now able to not only process less data but also to produce less data in the result. Thus, the privacy principle of data minimization is accomplished.}
    }

BibTex:

    @Article{OJIOT_2018v4i1n06_Fuerst,
        title     = {Towards Adaptive Actors for Scalable IoT Applications at the Edge},
        author    = {Jonathan F\~{A}�rst and
                     Mauricio Fadel Argerich and
                     Kaifei Chen and
                     Ern\~{A}� Kovacs},
        journal   = {Open Journal of Internet Of Things (OJIOT)},
        issn      = {2364-7108},
        year      = {2018},
        volume    = {4},
        number    = {1},
        pages     = {70--86},
        note      = {Special Issue: Proceedings of the International Workshop on Very Large Internet of Things (VLIoT 2018) in conjunction with the VLDB 2018 Conference in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.},
        url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:101:1-2018080519303887853107},
        urn       = {urn:nbn:de:101:1-2018080519303887853107},
        publisher = {RonPub},
        bibsource = {RonPub},
        abstract = {Traditional device-cloud architectures are not scalable to the size of future IoT deployments. While edge and fog-computing principles seem like a tangible solution, they increase the programming effort of IoT systems, do not provide the same elasticity guarantees as the cloud and are of much greater hardware heterogeneity. Future IoT applications will be highly distributed and place their computational tasks on any combination of end-devices (sensor nodes, smartphones, drones), edge and cloud resources in order to achieve their application goals. These complex distributed systems require a programming model that allows developers to implement their applications in a simple way (i.e., focus on the application logic) and an execution framework that runs these applications resiliently with a high resource efficiency, while maximizing application utility. Towards such distributed execution runtime, we propose Nandu, an actor based system that adapts and migrates tasks dynamically using developer provided hints as seed information. Nandu allows developers to focus on sequential application logic and transforms their application into distributed, adaptive actors. The resulting actors support fine-grained entry points for the execution environment. These entry points allow local schedulers to adapt actors seamlessly to the current context, while optimizing the overall application utility according to developer provided requirements.}
    }

BibTex:

    @Article{OJIOT_2018v4i1n07_Ngu,
        title     = {Smartwatch-Based IoT Fall Detection Application},
        author    = {Anne H. Ngu and
                     Po-Teng Tseng and
                     Manvick Paliwal and
                     Christopher Carpenter and
                     Walker Stipe},
        journal   = {Open Journal of Internet Of Things (OJIOT)},
        issn      = {2364-7108},
        year      = {2018},
        volume    = {4},
        number    = {1},
        pages     = {87--98},
        note      = {Special Issue: Proceedings of the International Workshop on Very Large Internet of Things (VLIoT 2018) in conjunction with the VLDB 2018 Conference in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.},
        url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:101:1-2018080519304951282148},
        urn       = {urn:nbn:de:101:1-2018080519304951282148},
        publisher = {RonPub},
        bibsource = {RonPub},
        abstract = {This paper proposes using only the streaming accelerometer data from a commodity-based smartwatch (IoT) device to detect falls. The smartwatch is paired with a smartphone as a means for performing the computation necessary for the prediction of falls in realtime without incurring latency in communicating with a cloud server while also preserving data privacy. The majority of current fall detection applications require specially designed hardware and software which make them expensive and inaccessible to the general public. Moreover, a fall detection application that uses a wrist worn smartwatch for data collection has the added benefit that it can be perceived as a piece of jewelry and thus non-intrusive. We experimented with both Support Vector Machine and Naive Bayes machine learning algorithms for the creation of the fall model. We demonstrated that by adjusting the sampling frequency of the streaming data, computing acceleration features over a sliding window, and using a Naive Bayes machine learning model, we can obtain the true positive rate of fall detection in real-world setting with 93.33\% accuracy. Our result demonstrated that using a commodity-based smartwatch sensor can yield fall detection results that are competitive with those of custom made expensive sensors.}
    }

BibTex:

    @Article{OJIOT_2018v4i1n08_Margi,
        title     = {Software-Defined Wireless Sensor Networks Approach: Southbound Protocol and Its Performance Evaluation},
        author    = {Cintia B. Margi and
                     Renan C. A. Alves and
                     Gustavo A. Nunez Segura and
                     Doriedson A. G. Oliveira},
        journal   = {Open Journal of Internet Of Things (OJIOT)},
        issn      = {2364-7108},
        year      = {2018},
        volume    = {4},
        number    = {1},
        pages     = {99--108},
        note      = {Special Issue: Proceedings of the International Workshop on Very Large Internet of Things (VLIoT 2018) in conjunction with the VLDB 2018 Conference in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.},
        url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:101:1-2018080519305710189607},
        urn       = {urn:nbn:de:101:1-2018080519305710189607},
        publisher = {RonPub},
        bibsource = {RonPub},
        abstract = {Software Defined Networking (SDN) has been identified as a promising network paradigm for Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) and the Internet of Things. It is a key tool for enabling Sensing as a Service, which provides infrastructure sharing thus reducing operational costs. While a few proposals on SDN southbound protocols designed for WSN are found in the literature, they lack adequate performance analysis. In this paper, we review ITSDN main features and present a performance evaluation with all the sensing nodes transmitting data periodically. We conducted a number of experiments varying the number of nodes and assessing the impact of flow table maximum capacity. We assessed the metrics of data delivery, data delay, control overhead and energy consumption in order to show the tradeoffs of using IT-SDN in comparison to the IETF RPL routing protocol. We discuss the main challenges still faced by IT-SDN in larger WSN, and how they could be addressed to make IT-SDN use worthwhile.}
    }

BibTex:

    @Article{OJIOT_2018v4i1n09_XinLiu,
        title     = {Identifying Malicious Nodes in Multihop IoT Networks using Dual Link Technologies and Unsupervised Learning},
        author    = {Xin Liu and
                     Mai Abdelhakim and
                     Prashant Krishnamurthy and
                     David Tipper},
        journal   = {Open Journal of Internet Of Things (OJIOT)},
        issn      = {2364-7108},
        year      = {2018},
        volume    = {4},
        number    = {1},
        pages     = {109--125},
        note      = {Special Issue: Proceedings of the International Workshop on Very Large Internet of Things (VLIoT 2018) in conjunction with the VLDB 2018 Conference in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.},
        url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:101:1-2018080519310495220214},
        urn       = {urn:nbn:de:101:1-2018080519310495220214},
        publisher = {RonPub},
        bibsource = {RonPub},
        abstract = {Packet manipulation attack is one of the challenging threats in cyber-physical systems (CPSs) and Internet of Things (IoT), where information packets are corrupted during transmission by compromised devices. These attacks consume network resources, result in delays in decision making, and could potentially lead to triggering wrong actions that disrupt an overall system's operation. Such malicious attacks as well as unintentional faults are difficult to locate/identify in a large-scale mesh-like multihop network, which is the typical topology suggested by most IoT standards. In this paper, first, we propose a novel network architecture that utilizes powerful nodes that can support two distinct communication link technologies for identification of malicious networked devices (with typical singlelink technology). Such powerful nodes equipped with dual-link technologies can reveal hidden information within meshed connections that is hard to otherwise detect. By applying machine intelligence at the dual-link nodes, malicious networked devices in an IoT network can be accurately identified. Second, we propose two techniques based on unsupervised machine learning, namely hard detection and soft detection, that enable dual-link nodes to identify malicious networked devices. Our techniques exploit network diversity as well as the statistical information computed by dual-link nodes to identify the trustworthiness of resource-constrained devices. Simulation results show that the detection accuracy of our algorithms is superior to the conventional watchdog scheme, where nodes passively listen to neighboring transmissions to detect corrupted packets. The results also show that as the density of the dual-link nodes increases, the detection accuracy improves and the false alarm rate decreases.}
    }

BibTex:

    @Article{OJIOT_2018v4i1n10_Lau,
        title     = {Techniques for the Generation of Arbitrary Three-Dimensional Shapes in Tile-Based Self-Assembly Systems},
        author    = {Florian-Lennert Lau and
                     Kristof Stahl and
                     Stefan Fischer},
        journal   = {Open Journal of Internet Of Things (OJIOT)},
        issn      = {2364-7108},
        year      = {2018},
        volume    = {4},
        number    = {1},
        pages     = {126--134},
        note      = {Special Issue: Proceedings of the International Workshop on Very Large Internet of Things (VLIoT 2018) in conjunction with the VLDB 2018 Conference in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.},
        url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:101:1-2018080519311410579164},
        urn       = {urn:nbn:de:101:1-2018080519311410579164},
        publisher = {RonPub},
        bibsource = {RonPub},
        abstract = {A big challenge in nanorobotics is the construction of nanoscale objects. DNA is a bio-compatible tool to reliably and constructively create objects at the nanoscale. A possible tool to build nano-sized structures are tile-based self-assembly systems on the basis of DNA. It is challenging and time-consuming to efficiently design blueprints for the desired objects. This paper presents basic algorithms for the creation of tilesets for nxnxn-cubes in the aTAM model. Only few publications focus on three-dimensional DNA crystals. Three-dimensional shapes are likely to be of more use in nanorobotics. We present three variations: hollow cubes, cube-grids and filled cubes. The paper also presents a basic algorithm to create arbitrary, finite, connected, three-dimensional and predefined shapes at temperature 1, as well as ideas for more efficient algorithms. Among those are algorithms for spheres, ellipsoids, red blood cells and other promising designs. The algorithms and tilesets are tested/verified using a software that has been developed for the purpose of verifying three-dimensional sets of tiletypes and was influenced by the tool ISU TAS. Others can use the simulator and the algorithms to quickly create sets of tiletypes for their desired nanostructures. A long learning process may thus be omitted.}
    }

BibTex:

    @Article{OJIOT_2018v4i1n11_Ardelt,
        title     = {Towards Intrinsic Molecular Communication Using Isotopic Isomerism},
        author    = {Gunther Ardelt and
                     Christoph K\~{A}�lls and
                     Horst Hellbr\~{A}�ck},
        journal   = {Open Journal of Internet Of Things (OJIOT)},
        issn      = {2364-7108},
        year      = {2018},
        volume    = {4},
        number    = {1},
        pages     = {135--143},
        note      = {Special Issue: Proceedings of the International Workshop on Very Large Internet of Things (VLIoT 2018) in conjunction with the VLDB 2018 Conference in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.},
        url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:101:1-2018080519312150952526},
        urn       = {urn:nbn:de:101:1-2018080519312150952526},
        publisher = {RonPub},
        bibsource = {RonPub},
        abstract = {In this paper we introduce a new approach for molecular communication (MC). The proposed method uses isotopomers as symbols in a communication scenario, and we name this approach isotopic molecular communication (IMC). We propose a modulation scheme based on isotopic isomerism, where symbols are encoded via isotopes in molecules. This can be advantageous in applications where the communication has to be independent from chemical molecular concentration. Application scenarios include nano communications with isotopes in a macroscopic environment, i.e. encoding freshwater flow of rivers or drinking water utilities, or medical applications where blood carries isotopomers used for communication in a human or animal body. We simulate the capacity of communication in the sense of symbols per second and maximum symbol rate for different applications. We provide estimations for the symbol rate per distance and we demonstrate the feasibility to identify isotopes reliably. In summary, this isotopic molecular communication is a new paradigm for data transfer independent from molecular concentrations and chemical reactions, and can provide higher throughput than ordinary molecular communications.}
    }

BibTex:

    @Article{OJIOT_2018v4i1n12_Miladinovic,
        title     = {Dynamic Allocation of Smart City Applications},
        author    = {Igor Miladinovic and
                     Sigrid Schefer-Wenzl},
        journal   = {Open Journal of Internet Of Things (OJIOT)},
        issn      = {2364-7108},
        year      = {2018},
        volume    = {4},
        number    = {1},
        pages     = {144--149},
        note      = {Special Issue: Proceedings of the International Workshop on Very Large Internet of Things (VLIoT 2018) in conjunction with the VLDB 2018 Conference in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.},
        url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:101:1-2018080519320192483088},
        urn       = {urn:nbn:de:101:1-2018080519320192483088},
        publisher = {RonPub},
        bibsource = {RonPub},
        abstract = {Cities around the world are evaluating the potential of Internet of Things (IoT) to automate and optimize public services. Cities that implement this approach are commonly referred to as smart cities. A smart city IoT architecture needs to be layered and scalable in order to fulfill not only today's but also future needs of smart cities. Network Function Virtualization (NFV) provides the scale and flexibility necessary for smart city services by enabling the automated control, management and orchestration of network resources. In this paper we consider a scalable, layered, NFV based smart city architecture and discuss the optimal location of applications regarding cloud computing and mobile edge computing (MEC). Introducing a novel concept of dynamic application allocation we show how to fully benefit from MEC and present relevant decision criteria.}
    }

BibTex:

    @Article{OJIOT_2018v4i1n13_Orazio,
        title     = {Semantic Caching Framework: An FPGA-Based Application for IoT Security Monitoring},
        author    = {Laurent d'Orazio and
                     Julien Lallet},
        journal   = {Open Journal of Internet Of Things (OJIOT)},
        issn      = {2364-7108},
        year      = {2018},
        volume    = {4},
        number    = {1},
        pages     = {150--157},
        note      = {Special Issue: Proceedings of the International Workshop on Very Large Internet of Things (VLIoT 2018) in conjunction with the VLDB 2018 Conference in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.},
        url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:101:1-2018080519321445601568},
        urn       = {urn:nbn:de:101:1-2018080519321445601568},
        publisher = {RonPub},
        bibsource = {RonPub},
        abstract = {Security monitoring is one subdomain of cybersecurity which aims to guarantee the safety of systems, continuously monitoring unusual events. The development of Internet Of Things leads to huge amounts of information, being heterogeneous and requiring to be efficiently managed. Cloud Computing provides software and hardware resources for large scale data management. However, performances for sequences of on-line queries on long term historical data may be not compatible with the emergency security monitoring. This work aims to address this problem by proposing a semantic caching framework and its application to acceleration hardware with FPGA for fast- and accurate-enough logs processing for various data stores and execution engines.}
    }

BibTex:

    @Article{OJIOT_2018v4i1n01_VLIoT2018,
        title     = {Editorial of the Workshop on Very Large Internet of Things (VLIoT 2018)},
        author    = {Sven Groppe and
                     Carlo Alberto Boano},
        journal   = {Open Journal of Internet Of Things (OJIOT)},
        issn      = {2364-7108},
        year      = {2018},
        volume    = {4},
        number    = {1},
        pages     = {1--6},
        note      = {Special Issue: Proceedings of the International Workshop on Very Large Internet of Things (VLIoT 2018) in conjunction with the VLDB 2018 Conference in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.},
        url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:101:1-2018080519324071729480},
        urn       = {urn:nbn:de:101:1-2018080519324071729480},
        publisher = {RonPub},
        bibsource = {RonPub},
        abstract = {The 2nd "Very Large Internet of Things" (VLIoT) workshop in conjunction with the 44th International Conference on Very Large Data Bases (VLDB) taking place in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil in 2018 is a forum for all researchers in the area of Internet of Things especially interested in related data management issues. This editorial of a special issue containing the workshop's papers provides an overview over the aims and scope of the workshop and the review procedure. Furthermore, we determine and shortly analyze a statistics of the topics addressed by the accepted papers.}
    }